與外露非帶電金屬部分或其他非電氣裝置金屬部分可同時接觸得到(Note 1) (Simultaneously accessible with exposed conductive parts or other extraneous conductive parts);
並非採用永久可靠,而且具極低阻抗的金屬對金屬接頭作電氣性的總等電位接駁。(Not electrically connected to the main equipotential bonding by permanent and reliable metal-to-metal joints of negligible impedance.);
LOIN 或 "資訊需求級別"(Level of Information Need)是一個框架,用於將 BIM 項目中與幾何、信息和文檔相關的要求進行分組。它提供了一種結構化的方法來定義模型元素的細節、尺寸、位置、外觀、參數行為、準確性和可靠性。通過了解 LOIN,團隊可以溝通並自動檢查這些要求,從而實現更高效的協作和項目交付。
Level of Detail (LoD)
PAS 1192-2 (BS EN ISO 19650) Concept of level of definition:
Level of model detail: the description of graphical content of models at each of the stages
Level of model information: the description of non-graphical content of models at each stages defines
LOD 100 (Concept),
LOD 200 (Design Development)
LOD 300 (Documentation)
LOD 400 (Construction)
LOD 500 (Facilities management)
Level of Detail is essentially how much detail is included in the model element.
LOD is the completeness of information
LOD = get appropriate information at appropriate time
Level of Information Need (LOIN)
Concept of Level of Information Need (LOIN): Collective term used to describe model elements (NOT models as a whole), including ‘LOD-G’, ‘LOD-I’ and 'DOC’
Level of Graphics (LOD-G): description of graphical content of objects at each stage
Level of Information (LOD-I): description of properties of objects at each stage defines
Level of Documentation (DOC): description of documentation associated with specific BIM uses.
Working within a single environment; Provision of a single environment to store shared asset data and information, accessible to all individuals who are required to produce, use and maintain it.
建築資訊模型(Building Information Modeling,簡稱BIM)是建築學、工程學及土木工程的新工具,被定義成由完全和充足資訊構成以支援新產品開發管理,並可由電腦應用程式直接解釋的建築或建築工程資訊模型。 簡言之,即數位技術支撐的對建築環境的生命週期管理。 它是建築過程的數位展示方式來協助數位資訊交流及合作。
Digitalisation (數字化) vs Digitisation (數碼化)
數字化(Digitalisation)是利用數字改善業務流程的過程。(更重要)
數字化(Digitisation)是將信息從物理格式轉換為數字格式的過程。
Digital Document vs Digital Information
Information enriches a document. Document contains many information.
Document contains production process and periodicity. Information doesn’t contain these contents.
為什麽建造業需要數字化? 建造業面臨的挑戰
覆雜性/規模 Complexity / Scale
工期緊張 Tight Programme
技術要求高 Technical Demanding
團隊龐大 Large Team
海量信息 Vast amount of information
數據驅動決策 Data-Driven Decision Making
BIM Concept
BIM is a journey (Process), not a destination (End-product).
BIM Value (From PAS 1192): Project Information Model (PIM) + Asset Information Model (AIM)
Process:
信息管理 (Information management) -> 協同工作 (Collaborative working) -> 圖形和數據模型 (Graphical and data models ) -> 資產數據 (Asset data)
Since 4th Apr 2016, BIM Level 2 is mandatory in government projects in the UK.
BIM Level 2:
A fully co-ordinated design model (and an as-built digital representation)
A COBie (Construction Operations Building information exchange) database.
Drawings (and Existing Deliverables).
Government Soft Landings
BIM Level 2 Summary:
BS 1192:2007 Collaborative production of architectural, engineering and construction information - code of practice (+A2:2016)
PAS 1192-2:2013 Specification for information management for the capital/delivery phase of construction projects using building information modelling
PAS 1192-3:2014 Specification for information management for the operational phase of assets using building information modelling
BS 1192-4:2014 Collaborative production of information - Fulfilling employers information exchange requirements using COBie. Code of practice
PAS 1192-5:2015 Specification for security-minded building information modelling, digital built environments and smart asset management
BS 8536-2:2016 Briefing for design and construction - Code of practice for asset management (Linear and geographical infrastructure)
Digital Plan of Works (DPoW)
Classification
CIC Commercial Suite
Hong Kong: Roadmap of BIM implementation in HK
'Roadmap for BIM Strategic Implementation in Hong Kong’s Construction Industry' is published in 2014
Standard from HKHA (BIM standard manual, user guide, library components design guide and reference, project execution guide)
Standard from CIC
BD, DSD, WSD, ArchSD, CLP....
BIM Policy in HK
The enhancement of BIM workflow, requirements for adoption of Common Data Environment (CDE), BIM data harmonization and information security of project data are included.
Extends the scope of mandatory BIM uses and CCBC fulfils the requirements of a BIM Coordinator
Extends the scope of mandatory BIM uses and CCBM fulfils the requirements of a BIM Team Leader
Revises the scope of mandatory BIM uses
Mandate of BIM Use for Government Project
BIM forum LOD Specification
OpenBIM Data Exchange Standard
Importance of OPENBIM
Global BIM Standards
BS ISO 55000: Asset management (PAS 55-2 & PAS 1192-3)
ISO 9001: Quality management systems - Requirements (PAS 1192-2)
ISO 19650: International BIM Standardisation
ISO 19650-1 BIM Concepts and principles (based on BS 1192) (Anticipated Nov 2018)
ISO 19650-2 BIM Delivery phase of assets (based on PAS 1192-2) (Anticipated Nov 2018) "
ISO 19650-3 Operational phase of assets (based on PAS 1192-3) (Anticipated 2020)
ISO 19650-5 Security-minded approach to information management (based on PAS 1192-5) (Anticipated 2020)
A - Start of delivery phase - transfer of relevant information from AIM to PIM
B - Progress development of the design intent model into the virtual construction model
C - End of delivery phase - transfer of relevant information from PIM to AIM
Figure - Generic project and asset information management life cycle ISO 19650-1:2018(E)
Digital Information Management
A Perspective on Stages of Maturity of Analogue and Digital Information
Business layer
Information layer
Technology layer
Standards layer
Hierarchy of Level Information Requirements
Organisational Level - Organisational Information Requirements (OIR)
Asset Level - Asset Information Requirements (AIR) -> Asset Information Model (AIM)
Project Level - Employer’s Information Requirements (EIR) -> Project Information Model (PIM)
Information Delivery Cycle
Value of BIM Through-life
Stage 0 - Business case The Why? - OIR, AIR
Stage 1 - Brief - The How? - EIR
Stage 2 - Early design benefits and coordination - PIR
Stage 4 - Tech design materials and construction coordination
Stage 5 - Construction progress. Info gathering. Record progress
Stage 6 - Review BIM (AIM): client review as built
Stage 7 - Occupancy data. Collate info intelligently
Limitations of BIM Software
Industry Foundation Class (IFC)
are the open and neutral data format for openBIM.
sharing information between different project team members and across software applications that are commonly used for design, construction, procurement, maintenance and operations.
registered by ISO as ISO/PAS 16739 and is currently in the process of becoming an official International Standard ISO/IS 16739.
open, neutral and standardized specification for Building Information Models.
BIM Collaboration Format (BCF)
WhatsApp of BIM
Transferring XML formatted data
Send markup models, comments, tasks, attachments, screenshots from the model presenting the problem between all project members.
Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (COBie)
COBie is an information exchange specification
Deliver asset data as distinct from geometric information
In Jan 2019, UK National Annex within BS EN ISO 19650-2 states that non-geometric information exchanges in open data formats should be structured to COBie format.
No technology limitation
Can be exchanged by "Excel"!
The Role of Professional Engineers in BIM
Delivery of Information
Information Originator
BIM ≠ 3D CAD Drafting
BIM is a 3D model contains Professional Information
Professional Information is generated by Professionals (e.g. engineers)
Professional Engineers are Information Originators of Engineering Works
Technicians/BIM modellers input Professional Information to BIM and enable users to get the Information out from BIM to use
Information Owner
Information Owner can change from time-to-time when the Information Container changes State or the Information Delivery is accepted by the Appointing Party
Before the Information Delivery is accepted, Information is owned by the Delivery Team
If the Information Container is produced by Appointed Party, before the acceptance by the Lead Appointed Party, the Information is owned by the Appointed Party. After the acceptance, it is owned by the Lead Appointed Party
After the Information Delivery is accepted, Information is owned by the Appointing Party
Information Management
To manage the process to ensure the required information is delivered correctly, on time, and up to the agreed standards
Information Management includes:
Clearly specify the information requirements
Select the right delivery team to produce and deliver
Satisfy with delivery team’s BIM Execution Plan before appointment to ensure they are capable to delivery with capacity to take up the job
Brief the task team to follow with the confirmed BIM Execution Plan in producing their deliverables