數據中心設計

數據中心設計筆記系列：

數據中心 (Part 1) - Data Centre Design - The Mission Critical Site

• 癱瘓/宕機導致的後果
• 數據中心的風險因素
• 數據中心的價值
• 癱瘓/宕機的主要原因，故障的主要因素
• 數據中心設計的核心思路

數據中心 (Part 2) - Data Centre Design - Standards

• 數據中心標準
• ANSI/TIA-942
• 冗余的等級（Redundancy Levels）
• 其他數據中心標準
• 國際標準還是本地標準？
• TIA認證的大中華區的數據中心

數據中心 (Part 3-1) - Data Centre Design - Locations, Building and Construction

• 選址條件 Site selection criteria
• 選址——地點 Location evaluation
• 選址——樓宇 Building evaluation
• 香港的數據中心
• 改裝現有工業大廈

數據中心 (Part 3-2) - Data Centre Design - Locations, Building and Construction

• 數據中心及其配套設施 The Data Centre and supporting facilities
• 保管區 Holding area 
• 集散區 Staging area 
• 電腦房 / 伺服器房 Computer / Server room 
• 媒體儲存區 Media storage area 
• 不間斷電源房 UPS room 
• 電池房 Battery room 
• 維護走道 Service corridor 
• 後備發電機房 Standby generator set room/area 
• 進線室 Meet-Me / Entrance room 
• 安保室 Security room 
• 網絡運營控制室 NOC (Network Operations Control)
• 常見錯誤 Classic mistakes —— Don't and Try to avoid

數據中心 (Part 4-1) - Data Centre Design - Raised Access Flooring

• 架空地板的主要種類 Raised Access Floor Types 
• 載荷相關考慮因素 Loading factors
• Concentrated Load/Point Load (CL/PL)（集中載荷/點載荷）
• Rolling (RL)（滾動載荷）
• 載荷相關標準 Standards
• 一般指引 General guidelines
• 架空地板的接地 Grounding of raised floor
• 在地板上開洞 Cutting holes in a raised floor tile
• 坡道 Ramps

數據中心 (Part 4-2) - Data Centre Design - Suspended Ceiling

• 假天花板/吊頂 Suspended ceiling
• 無假天花設計

數據中心 (Part 5) - Data Centre Design - Light

• 對於照明的定義和計量單位
• 照度標準
• 燈具和排布
• 應急燈具
• 應急燈具及電池類型

數據中心 (Part 6-1) - Data Centre Design - Power Infrastructure

• Power supply quality 供電質量
• Ever-increasing power requirements 不斷增長的電力需求
• From Power Plant to the IT Racks 從電廠到數據中心IT設備
• Automatic Transfer Switch（ATS）的作用
• 增強冗余能力方法
• 2N Provision of UPS
• 2N Provision of UPS + Normal + Essential（Generator）
• Static Transfer Switch（STS）的作用

數據中心 (Part 6-2) - Data Centre Design - Power Infrastructure

• Three-phase power cabling 三相電纜
• Conversion from three-phase to single-phase 三相線轉單相線
• Proper power cable routing 合理安排電纜電線路徑
• 機櫃後備電源方案（一）—— Low availability
• 機櫃後備電源方案（二）—— Slightly better availability
• 機櫃後備電源方案（三）—— Improved availability
• 機櫃後備電源方案（四 A）—— High-availability (example A)
• 機櫃後備電源方案（四 B）—— High-availability (example B)

數據中心 (Part 6-3) - Data Centre Design - Power Infrastructure

• Grounding in the data centre 數據中心接地系統
• Common Mode Noise (CMN) 
• Location of the isolation transformer？ 隔離變壓器放哪裡？
• Forms of Distribution boards 配電櫃/箱的間隔
• IP (Ingress Protection) grades 防塵防水等級
• Power quality: guidelines 電能質量要求
• CBEMA / ITI(C) curves
• Label power versus actual power consumption 標籤上的功率 vs 實際使用功率
• Sizing power usage for the data centre 數據中心的電力需求估算
• Sizing power usage for Generator-Set 後備發電機的電力需求估算

數據中心 (Part 6-4) - Data Centre Design - Power Infrastructure

• Types of UPS 不間斷電源的種類
• Static UPS systems 靜態UPS系統
• Dynamic UPS systems 動態UPS系統
• Types of Static UPS 靜態UPS系統的種類
• Offline type （VFD-Class）
• Online type - Line Interactive （VI-Class）
• Online type - True Online Double Conversion （VFI-Class）
• Energy friendly options（Eco-mode, Smart-mode etc.）
• UPS running on maintenance bypass 運行維修繞行模式需要的步驟

數據中心 (Part 6-5) - Data Centre Design - Power Infrastructure

• 如何增加UPS的實用性？ The increasing availability of UPS installation？
• Paralleling of UPS systems 並聯UPS系統
• Parallel configurations 並聯的方式
• 集中電池組是否推薦？Centralised battery bank？
• Parallel configurations 並聯的方式
• Bypass / Hot-standby parallel
• Parallel redundant UPS
• Isolated parallel redundant
• Dynamic UPS 的不同運行模式
• Step 1 —— Normal utility mode（正常市電模式）
• Step 2 —— Change to diesel mode（轉換發電機模式）
• Step 3 —— Continuous diesel supply mode（發電機供電模式）
• Step 4 —— Return to normal mode（市電恢復模式）

數據中心 (Part 6-6) - Data Centre Design - Power Infrastructure

• UPS電池技術的種類 Main battery technologies for UPS
• Flooded cells 滿槽鉛酸電池
• SLA / VRLA 密封式鉛酸電池
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) 鋰離子電池
• Nickel-cadmium（Ni-Cd）鎳鎘電池
• 電池如何測試？Battery testing and testers

數據中心 (Part 7) - Data Centre Design - Electro Magnetic Fields

• 數據中心電磁場的成因 What causes EMF in Data Centre?
• 電磁場對集成電路的影響 EMF effects on integrated circuits
• 電纜的磁場對網絡布線的影響 Magnetic fields of power cabling effects on network cabling
• (H)EMP: (High-Altitude) Electro-Magnetic Pulse（（高空）電磁脈沖）
• Best practices during the design phase
• EMF protection by using shielding

數據中心 (Part 8) - Data Centre Design - Equipment Racks

• 機櫃的種類和標準 Type of racks and standards
• 機櫃的寬度和深度 Width and depth of racks
• Glass door racks
• Perforated / Grated door racks
• Mesh door racks
• Base of the rack —— Castors / Feet
• Color of the rack —— typically black or white
• Security —— locked both front and back doors
• Power Rails / Strips

數據中心 (Part 9-1) - Data Centre Design - Cooling Infrastructure

• Recommended temperature
• Recommended humidity
• Cooling capacity
• 冷氣機的基本制冷循環原理  —— 4 main components

數據中心 (Part 9-2) - Data Centre Design - Cooling Infrastructure

• 製冷的種類/方式 Type of Air Conditioning
• Air-cooled, Self-contained
• Air-cooled, Split system (DX)
• Fluid-cooled (Water-Glycol)
• Chilled water
• Direct/indirect Air Handler

數據中心 (Part 9-3) - Data Centre Design - Cooling Infrastructure

• Up Flow or Down Flow
• Wall flow
• 架空地板冷卻方式與非高架地板冷卻方式哪個好？
• Cooling Concepts (1) —— with Raised Floor
• Placement of equipment in the rack
• Avoid leakage and short circuit air
• The maximum throw of the air conditioner
• Cooling Concepts (2) —— with Non-Raised Floor
• In-Row cooling
• Overhead duct
• Cooling Concepts (3) —— Supplemental Cooling
• High-Density Cooling: Floor mount
• High-Density Cooling: Hot air fans
• High-Density Cooling: Overhead supplement air
• High-Density Cooling: Self-contained racks
• Cold Aisle vs Hot Aisle Containment？
• Cold Aisle Containment
• Hot Aisle Containment

數據中心 (Part 10) - Data Centre Design - Water Supply & Fire Protection

• Water supply in a Data Centre
• Backup water supply: Water storage tanks
• Backup water supply: Well water / Retention pond
• Fire protection and safety
• Requirements for Data Centre fire suppression
• Standards
• Detection systems
• Smoke detectors for fire panels
• Fire suppression system
• Best practices for main fire suppression
• Handheld extinguishers —— Class C (for Data centres)
• Signage and safety
• Regulatory requirements / Best practice

數據中心 (Part 11) - Data Centre Design - Physical Security & Safety and Auxiliary Systems

• Questions need to be addressed
• Physical security considerations
• CCTV cameras
• Entry control
• Physical safety considerations
• Monitoring system —— Data Centre monitoring requirements
• EMS/BMS
• DCIM —— Data Centre Infrastructure Management
• Water leak detection
• Notification system for monitoring system
• What to monitor？

數據中心 (Part 12-1) - Data Centre Design - Designing a Scalable Network Infrastructure

• Structured cabling system
• Consider the following in planning the cabling infrastructure of the data centre
• Structured cabling
• Copper cables
• Copper termination / patch panels
• Fibre cables
• Single-mode vs Multi-mode
• Fibre terminations/patch panels

數據中心 (Part 12-2) - Data Centre Design - Designing a Scalable Network Infrastructure

• Cabling recommendation TIA-942-B (2017)
• Testing and verifying structured cabling
• Storage Area Networks (SAN)
• Network redundancy
• Building to building connectivity (1) - Telco 電訊公司
• Building to building connectivity (2) - Hardwire 專屬線纜
• Building to building connectivity (3) - Canopy 無線覆蓋
• Building to building connectivity (4) - FSO 無線激光
• Network monitoring system required capabilities

數據中心 (Part 13) - Data Centre Design - Designing a Scalable Network Infrastructure

• Service Level Management
• Safety 安全措施
• Security 安保措施
• Facilities Maintenance 設備維護
• Governance - documentation
• Governance - vendor management