【數據中心設計】CDCP 學習筆記 - 數據中心 (Part 3-2) - Data Centre Design - Locations, Building and Construction

數據中心及其配套設施 The Data Centre and supporting facilities

保管區 Holding area

保管區是接收設備的區域。可以是建築物的裝卸區。但必須有足夠的空間來處理設備。

不要在數據中心本身拆開包裝，因為會散布包裝上的灰塵。也不要把箱子放在計算機房里。安排適當的垃圾處理設施。這個區域需要安保措施，以管理重要的資產。

如果適用的話，可以在保管區配備保安或者安排CCTV。

Purpose

• Aimed at providing an area where goods can be received, unpacked, physically inspected, and prepared for movement into the staging area

Requirements

• Easy access for external supply (i.e. loading bay and route to staging area)（連接至卸貨區）
• Spacious
• Proper garbage disposal（IT設備一般包裝材料較多）
• Secure

集散區 Staging area

一旦完成設備的開箱工作，就可以將其轉移到集散區。這個區域應該與保管區分開。

為了防止對現有設備潛在的幹擾，開箱的新設備最好連接到一個單獨的PDU，該PDU連接到一個單獨的UPS系統。

Purpose

• Provides an area where equipment can be acclimated, inspected, configured (H/W & S/W) and safely tested to ensure deployment readiness（共測試獨立的硬件和軟件）

Requirements

• Separate and secure space
• Separate network if possible / needed
• Separate PDU (Power Distribution Unit)
• Environmentally controlled and monitored
• Fire protection and other safety measures

電腦房 / 伺服器房 Computer / Server room

機房應具有較低的電磁場水平，電磁場水平較高會導致設備信號中斷。不要在計算機房內放置變壓器、UPS系統、裝有通風裝置的電池系統。

Purpose

• Provides a safe production environment where equipment can be expected to run on a 24x7 basis with minimal risk of interruption

Requirements

• Separate and highly secure space
• Protection and control of power quality
• Environmentally controlled and monitored
• Low EMF (Electro Magnetic Field) radiation levels
• Fire protection and other safety measures

媒體儲存區 Media storage area

媒體存儲區是存儲母帶和文件以及備份磁帶、CD/DVD的地方。這個房間應該使用理想的溫度和濕度設置對媒體進行環境控制。理想情況下，媒體存儲區最好在單獨另一個完全不同的建築物內或在不同的樓層。

Purpose

• Provides a safe, secure and conditioned environment where media (documentation, magnetic tapes, CD-ROMs etc.) can be stored in a controlled manner

Requirements

• Separate and secure space
• Environmental controlled and monitored（magnetic 材質不易抗低溫和高濕度環境）
• Fire protection and other safety measures
• Preferably highly sensitive smoke detection systems
• Shelter/Bunker（有較高防火等級）

不間斷電源房 UPS room

UPS系統應該儘量設置在一個單獨的房間里。因為，UPS系統的電磁波會影響IT系統。

如果不得不在伺服器房安裝UPS系統，盡量在UPS和ICT設備之間至少預留有2-3個Rack空間。

UPS機房內的冷氣和防火設備是極為重要的。

Purpose

• Provides a safe, secure and conditioned environment where power protection and conditioning systems can operate on a 24x7 basis

Requirements

• Separate and secure space
• Environmental controlled and monitored
• Fire protection and other safety measures

Note: in some cases, a small rating UPS could be located within the computer room（大型數據中心UPS房常常與server room分開，有利於UPS房設備，例如電池，的後期維護）

電池房 Battery room

電池室最好設置為一個獨立的房間，盡管大部分數據中心的UPS系統和電池在同一個房間。

Purpose

• Provides a safe, secure and conditioned environment where batteries can be stored

Requirements

• Separate and secure space
• Ideally separated from UPS room

• Environmental controlled and monitored（電池房溫度不能過高，過高會影響電池壽命）
• Fire protection and other safety measures
• Vented; if needed/required

傳統的鉛酸蓄電在充電時，H2SO4卻不斷地生成，會產生的氣體是氧氣和氫體。氫氣具有高度爆炸性，如果發生火花，可能會出現爆炸。因此，良好的通風至關重要。

不過隨著科技的進步，現在使用的鉛酸蓄電池，當充電後期時只是正極析氧而負極不產生氫氣，同時產生的氧氣通過多孔膜，電池內部上層空間等位置到達負極，氧化海綿狀的鉛，這樣生成水，可以減少維護或免維護。現在使用的鉛酸蓄電池已實現了免維護密封式結構，這是鉛酸蓄電池在原理和工藝技術上最大的改進。

另外，由於鋰電池的成本越來越低，由於空間相比鉛酸電池小，而且又較鉛酸電池環保，因此，越來越多的ups已經採用鋰電池。

維護走道 Service corridor

如果沒有維護走道，為了維修AC等設備，維護人員需要進入數據中心機房，而理想的情況是盡量減少進入數據中心機房。維護走道的設置如下圖，在空間有限的情況下，添加維護走廊增加了很多成本。

Purpose

• Provides a secure area where supporting facilities can be serviced and monitored on a 24x7 basis without disturbing the computer room（利於設備後期維護，不用走入server room）

Requirements

• Separate and secure space
• Environmental controlled and monitored
• Fire protection and other safety measures

AC equipment w/o service corridor

AC equipment c/w service corridor

後備發電機房 Standby generator set room/area

發電機燃油箱的大小和儲存需要根據當地的規定來確定。在不同的地區，油箱的放置位置有不同的規定和限制。

Purpose

• Provides a safe and secure area where the standby generator set can be located to allow for safe operation with minimal disturbance

Requirements

• Separate and secure area
• Fire protection and other safety measures
• Fuel tanks could be located underground or above ground
• Regulations apply and need to be reviewed before making a decision on which type to use（留意香港油缸房要符合FSD 2022年3月生效的新例）

進線室 Meet-Me / Entrance room

這個房間是網絡運營商或其他外部數據和電信線路進入大樓的地方，與大樓的交接點，也可以成為進線轉接室。一般在首層或地下室。需要留意提供電磁屏蔽設施，也應該儘量遠離高壓電纜的進線路徑。（有時會叫Cable Lead-in Room或者Cable Transfer Room）

Purpose

• Provides a safe production environment where the carrier handover point equipment can be expected to run on a 24x7 basis with minimal risk of interruption
• Note: sometimes located within the computer room

Requirements

• Separate and secure space
• Protection and control of power quality
• Environmental controlled and monitored
• Fire protection and other safety measures

安保室 Security room

Purpose

• Provides a secure area where security functions can be undertaken on a 24x7 basis

Requirements

• Separate and secure space
• Protection and control of power quality（UPS backup）
• Fire protection and other safety measures

網絡運營控制室 NOC (Network Operations Control)

Purpose

• Provides a secure area where the ICT infrastructure and supporting facilities can be monitored and controlled on a 24x7 basis
• Note: sometimes combined with the security room

Requirements

• Separate and secure space
• Protection and control of power quality
• Environmental controlled and monitored
• Fire protection and other safety measures

Classic mistakes —— Don't and Try to avoid

X —— Main switch boards in the computer room

• EMF & explosion risk

X —— UPS / batteries in the computer room

• Risks of batteries and high-power modules
• Maintenance
• EMF risk

X —— Facilities equipment area access via the computer room

X —— No separation for the staging area

X —— No service corridor

• Security risk
• Availability risk
• Maintenance