2022/05/01

【數據中心設計】CDCP 學習筆記 - 數據中心 (Part 6-4) - Data Centre Design - Power Infrastructure

Types of UPS 不間斷電源的種類

  • Static UPS
    • Electronic components such as rectifier, inverter, control logic and batteries

  • Dynamic/Rotary UPS
    • Mechanical components such as diesel engine, power generator and flywheel (kinetic storage)


Static UPS systems 靜態UPS系統(較傳統設計)

  • Relatively complex power and control electronics
  • Requires a controlled environment
  • Requires batteries
    • Need to be replaced typically every 3-4 years for 5-year design life and every 7-8 years for the 10-year design life
    • Chemical waste
    • Unknown cost factor (SLA battery price can fluctuate heavily depending on lead pricing)
  • One of the oldest UPS technologies used for data centre environments
  • Available in 500 VA - 1,6 MVA in single systems


Dynamic UPS systems 動態UPS系統(體量較大,香港樓宇機電設計並不常見)

  • Heavy (e.g. 600 kVA could weigh approx. 8 Ton)
  • Noisier
  • Relative simple design setup
  • No need for batteries for energy storage
    • A few batteries only to provide starting energy for the generator section
  • No need for a controlled environment
  • Long life span
  • Good efficiency
  • Only available in higher kVA ratings 200 kVA - 3,000 kVA


Static UPS被稱為 "靜態",因為在整個電源路徑中,它沒有移動部件(盡管它有輔助移動部件,如冷卻風扇)。

Rotary UPS之所以被稱為 "動態/轉動",是因為UPS內的轉動部件(如電機-發電機)被用來向負載傳輸電力。

Rotary UPS更適合於以多次短時啟動為特征的環境。其中一個例子是多個電機不斷開啟和關閉的環境。衛星站和廣播站的高功率放大器以快速和隨機的順序打開和關閉,是Rotary式UPS有效的環境的良好例子。

一般情況,Static UPS比Rotary UPS更常用,應用範圍也更廣。Rotary UPS只占全球UPS的4.3%。其余95.7%的市場為Static UPS。在安裝方面,Static UPS系統安裝在建築物內,而相當一部分Rotary UPS安裝在建築物外或專門建造的外殼內。


Types of Static UPS 靜態UPS系統的種類

  • Offline type (VFD-Class)
  • Online type
    • Line Interactive (VI-Class)
    • True Online Double Conversion (VFI-Class)(fit for mission-critical data centres)
  • Others (i.e. Delta Conversion, Hybrids, High frequency transformerless, Eco/Smart mode UPS, Compressed Air etc.)

EN 50091-3 / IEC 62040-3 for classification of UPS systems:

  • VFD-Class (Voltage and Frequency-Dependent)
  • Vi-Class (Voltage Independent)
  • VFI-Class (Voltage & Frequency-Independent)(fit for mission-critical data centres)


Offline type (VFD-Class)

  • 最簡單,成本最低的UPS系統設計
  • No regulation and incoming power(市電不經過UPS)
  • Load not isolated from the utility
  • Large transfer time (up to 12-14 ms)
  • No frequency regulation / true battery test capability / bypass
  • Generally smaller kVA output (< 2kVA


Online type - Line Interactive (VI-Class)

  • 市電會經過UPS的voltage regulator和inverter至負載,AC voltage會被regulated
  • 2-4 ms transfer time (some cases 4-8 ms)
  • Load not isolated from the utility
  • Some level of surge protection and some level of voltage regulation
  • No frequency regulation (提供bypass mode)
  • 'Modified sine wave' (PWM) or true sine wave
  • Generally smaller kVA output (< 5 kVA)
  • 由於static switch bypass常常設置在UPS內部,因此在考慮更換整部UPS時,仍需要斷電


Online type - True Online Double Conversion (VFI-Class)

  • 市電會經過UPS的rectifier和inverter至負載,AC voltage和frequency都會被regulated
  • 增加了一條外部的maintenance bypass switch(external bypass switch),允許static switch也可以進行更換和維修
  • Isolates the load from the input AC
  • Supplies regulated & isolated voltage& frequency to the load
  • Bypass functionality (static & maintenance)


Energy friendly options(Eco-mode, Smart-mode etc.)

  • The UPS monitors the input power quality and if of appropriate quality it switches to a more efficient mode such from VFI to VI-Class
  • Enhanced Eco-mode often enables a switch from VFI, VI to VFD mode offering great savings(根據進線電能質量決定運行模式)
  • In countries with poor power quality, they offer little to no benefit


UPS running on maintenance bypass 運行維修繞行模式需要的步驟(重要‼️ ‼️ ‼️

開啟maintenance bypass mode的次序(跟方形標記):
  • 方形標記“1”:合閘 -> 方形標記“2”:開閘 -> 方形標記“3”:開閘 -> 方形標記“4”:開閘 -> 方形標記“5”:開閘

關閉maintenance bypass mode的次序(跟圓形標記)

  • 圓形標記“1”:開閘 -> 圓形標記“2”:合閘 -> 圓形標記“3”:合閘 -> 圓形標記“4”:合閘 -> 圓形標記“5”:合閘


1 則留言:

  1. Very meaningful UPS introduction! Good indication to all the graduate trainee in building service industry. Keep going!

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