Types of UPS 不間斷電源的種類
- Static UPS
- Electronic components such as rectifier, inverter, control logic and batteries
- Dynamic/Rotary UPS
- Mechanical components such as diesel engine, power generator and flywheel (kinetic storage)
Static UPS systems 靜態UPS系統（較傳統設計）
- Relatively complex power and control electronics
- Requires a controlled environment
- Requires batteries
- Need to be replaced typically every 3-4 years for 5-year design life and every 7-8 years for the 10-year design life
- Chemical waste
- Unknown cost factor (SLA battery price can fluctuate heavily depending on lead pricing)
- One of the oldest UPS technologies used for data centre environments
- Available in 500 VA - 1,6 MVA in single systems
Dynamic UPS systems 動態UPS系統（體量較大，香港樓宇機電設計並不常見）
- Heavy (e.g. 600 kVA could weigh approx. 8 Ton)
- Noisier
- Relative simple design setup
- No need for batteries for energy storage
- A few batteries only to provide starting energy for the generator section
- No need for a controlled environment
- Long life span
- Good efficiency
- Only available in higher kVA ratings 200 kVA - 3,000 kVA
Static UPS被稱為 "靜態"，因為在整個電源路徑中，它沒有移動部件（盡管它有輔助移動部件，如冷卻風扇）。
Rotary UPS之所以被稱為 "動態/轉動"，是因為UPS內的轉動部件（如電機-發電機）被用來向負載傳輸電力。
Rotary UPS更適合於以多次短時啟動為特征的環境。其中一個例子是多個電機不斷開啟和關閉的環境。衛星站和廣播站的高功率放大器以快速和隨機的順序打開和關閉，是Rotary式UPS有效的環境的良好例子。
一般情況，Static UPS比Rotary UPS更常用，應用範圍也更廣。Rotary UPS只占全球UPS的4.3%。其余95.7%的市場為Static UPS。在安裝方面，Static UPS系統安裝在建築物內，而相當一部分Rotary UPS安裝在建築物外或專門建造的外殼內。
Types of Static UPS 靜態UPS系統的種類
- Offline type （VFD-Class）
- Online type
- Line Interactive （VI-Class）
- True Online Double Conversion （VFI-Class）（fit for mission-critical data centres）
- Others (i.e. Delta Conversion, Hybrids, High frequency transformerless, Eco/Smart mode UPS, Compressed Air etc.)
EN 50091-3 / IEC 62040-3 for classification of UPS systems:
- VFD-Class (Voltage and Frequency-Dependent)
- Vi-Class (Voltage Independent)
- VFI-Class (Voltage & Frequency-Independent)（fit for mission-critical data centres）
Offline type （VFD-Class）
- 最簡單，成本最低的UPS系統設計
- No regulation and incoming power（市電不經過UPS）
- Load not isolated from the utility
- Large transfer time (up to 12-14 ms)
- No frequency regulation / true battery test capability / bypass
- Generally smaller kVA output （< 2kVA）
Online type - Line Interactive （VI-Class）
- 市電會經過UPS的voltage regulator和inverter至負載，AC voltage會被regulated
- 2-4 ms transfer time (some cases 4-8 ms)
- Load not isolated from the utility
- Some level of surge protection and some level of voltage regulation
- No frequency regulation （提供bypass mode）
- 'Modified sine wave' (PWM) or true sine wave
- Generally smaller kVA output (< 5 kVA)
- 由於static switch bypass常常設置在UPS內部，因此在考慮更換整部UPS時，仍需要斷電
Online type - True Online Double Conversion （VFI-Class）
- 市電會經過UPS的rectifier和inverter至負載，AC voltage和frequency都會被regulated
- 增加了一條外部的maintenance bypass switch（external bypass switch），允許static switch也可以進行更換和維修
- Isolates the load from the input AC
- Supplies regulated & isolated voltage& frequency to the load
- Bypass functionality (static & maintenance)
Energy friendly options（Eco-mode, Smart-mode etc.）
- The UPS monitors the input power quality and if of appropriate quality it switches to a more efficient mode such from VFI to VI-Class
- Enhanced Eco-mode often enables a switch from VFI, VI to VFD mode offering great savings（根據進線電能質量決定運行模式）
- In countries with poor power quality, they offer little to no benefit
UPS running on maintenance bypass 運行維修繞行模式需要的步驟（重要‼️ ‼️ ‼️）
- 方形標記“1”：合閘 -> 方形標記“2”：開閘 -> 方形標記“3”：開閘 -> 方形標記“4”：開閘 -> 方形標記“5”：開閘
關閉maintenance bypass mode的次序（跟圓形標記）：
- 圓形標記“1”：開閘 -> 圓形標記“2”：合閘 -> 圓形標記“3”：合閘 -> 圓形標記“4”：合閘 -> 圓形標記“5”：合閘
Very meaningful UPS introduction! Good indication to all the graduate trainee in building service industry. Keep going!
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