2022/05/08

【數據中心設計】CDCP 學習筆記 - 數據中心 (Part 6-5) - Data Centre Design - Power Infrastructure

如何增加UPS的實用性? The increasing availability of UPS installation?

Paralleling of UPS systems 並聯UPS系統

  • Availability of conditioned power
  • Increased power rating


Parallel configurations 並聯的方式

  • Bypass / Hot-Standby Parallel
  • Parallel Redundant
  • Isolated Parallel Redundant


集中電池組是否推薦?Centralised battery bank?

  • Multiple UPS systems connect to the same battery bank in an effort to save money
  • Not advisable - In an ideal scenario each UPS has its own battery bank for the highest availability expectation. (在理想的情況下,每個UPS都有自己的電池組是最好的選擇)


Parallel configurations 並聯的方式(一)—— Bypass / Hot-standby parallel

  • The redundant UPS is feeding the bypass line of one, or multiple UPS
  • Old concept
  • Higher energy efficiency
  • Standby should be of the same capacity as the whole cluster
  • Least reliable parallel configuration

一台UPS處於online狀態,另一台處於standby狀態。如果online狀態的UPS的電子設備出現問題,一旦static switch或者系統內部切換出現故障,整個後備UPS迴路也會失效。另一個問題是,如果系統發生過載,online狀態的UPS不僅不能再保持負載,即使切換到standby的UPS,過載故障會轉移到standby的UPS。



Parallel configurations 並聯的方式(二)—— Parallel redundant UPS

  • All UPS in the cluster are sharing the load
  • Only one static- & manual bypass cabinet - Single point of failure
  • Potential cost savings
  • Not flexible for scaling
  • All UPS systems must be from the same vendor
    • Typically also of the same power rating although some allow mixing

在並聯冗余配置中,每個UPS系統都有一個整流器、逆變器和電池組,但只有一個cabinet for the maintenance static bypass。這意味著每個UPS都對這個bypass有控制指令,如果出現控制錯誤,進入bypass。 bypass仍是一個Single point of failure。另外,在這種配置下,UPS系統需要同步(synchronize),必須輸出完全相同的正弦波和頻率。


Parallel configurations 並聯的方式(三)—— Isolated parallel redundant

  • All UPS in the cluster are sharing the load
  • All UPS systems are fully standalone
  • Easy to scale
  • All UPS systems must be from the same vendor
    • Typically also of the same power rating although some allow mixing

分布式並行配置。在這個配置中,每個UPS都是真正的獨立配置,所有UPS系統都是獨立的。與並聯冗余配置類似,UPS系統需要同步(synchronize),因為輸出正弦波和頻率必須完全相同,這樣的配置才能發揮作用。


Dynamic UPS 的不同運行模式



Step 1 —— Normal utility mode(正常市電模式)

  • Power is led through the UPS and the alternator is keeping the frequency and voltage stable at the output. 

在正常模式下,主電源驅動飛輪,從而儲存動能。電力通過UPS到達負載。


Step 2 —— Change to diesel mode(轉換發電機模式)

  • The input breaker will open if there are power disturbances
  • Flywheel will provide ride-through energy
  • The diesel engine will kick in and drive the alternator

在電力中斷情況下,斷路器Q1打開。儲存了動能的飛輪驅動交流發電機,繼續向IT設備提供電力。同時,發電機被啟動並加速,持續給電。


Step 3 —— Continuous diesel supply mode(發電機供電模式)

  • The diesel engine continuously drives the alternator to supply continuous power to the load
  • The diesel engine is constantly monitored and digitally controlled to ensure a constant output voltage and frequency

當柴油機完全達到一定速度時,離合器進入,現在發電機向飛輪和交流發電機提供能量。柴油機被控制並提供恒定的供應。


Step 4 —— Return to normal mode(市電恢復模式)

  • If utility supply is again within specification the load is transferred back
  • The diesel engine will run a few minutes more to cool down and then go back to standby mode

在市電回歸後,UPS與市電同步並合閘Q1。之後,柴油機轉速下降,離合器脫離,IT負載再次以正常模式供電。柴油機將繼續在無負荷狀態下運行一小段時間以進行冷卻。在柴油機完成冷卻運行後,它將關閉並返回到待機模式。


Dynamic UPS 詳細的運行模式也可參考下面的video:



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