【低壓電容補償櫃】低壓電容補償櫃測試（T&C of LV Capacitor Bank）- 出廠驗收測試（FAT）

一般來說，低壓電容補償櫃由櫃殼/櫃體、匯流排、斷路器、隔離開關，繼電器、接觸器、電容器、電抗器、一/二次導線、端子排、功率因數自動補償控制裝置、盤面儀表等組成。

電容器補償櫃的作用

電容補償櫃的作用是提高負載功率因數，降低無功功率，提高供電設備的效率；電容櫃是否正常工作可通過功率因數表的讀數判斷（可獨立於櫃面，或者可在功率補償控制器上查看），功率因數一般要求在0.9。

基本元件及其結構

出廠驗收測試（FAT）的主要步驟

1. Visual check (外觀及內部元件檢查)

   Purpose of Test: To check the general construction of the capacitor bank.

   Procedure:

(1) Record the capacitor bank model, serial number and parameters on the attached test form.

(2) Visual inspection for the following items:

• General appearance inspection.
• Colour of FBA in accordance with the drawing.
• The layout of all circuits is in accordance with the drawing.
• Dimension, clearance and creepage of busbars and risers.
• Tightness of all screws, bolts and nuts by random check.
• Complete earthing system.
• All Main Switches, Fuse Carriers and Controllers operate correctly and freely by hand.
• Mains cables are phase coloured correctly.
• Control wirings and ferrules are connected correctly.
• Capacitor Controllers, Static Switches, Detuned Reactors, Capacitors model, connection and location in accordance with the drawing.
• Label for circuit identification.
• Capacitor Bank Cleaning.
• Check the controller setting.

        (3) Record the result on the test form.

2. Insulation Resistance Test for Main Switchgear & Busbar Chamber / Megger Test (絕緣電阻測試)

   Purpose of Test: To check the insulation of the main switchgear & busbar chamber.

   Procedure:

(1) Check the busbars under test are connected correctly in accordance with the drawing.

(2) Turn off the main switch and all control fuses shall be withdrawed.

(3) Connect the 1000V direct current insulation tester to phase L1 and earth. After each test discharge and earth busbars before disconnection. Check the insulation resistance and record on the approved test form.

(4) Repeat this test on phase to phase, phase to neutral and neutral to earth. The insulation resistance should not be less than 1 MΩ.

(5) Record the result on the test form.

3. Capacitor Bank Charging & Discharging Test and Auto Mode Simulation Test (電容器充放電測試及功率補償控制器自動控制測試)

   Purpose of Test: To check if the capacitor bank charging and discharging normally.

   Procedure:

Manual mode test of the capacitor step switch in/ Out by pressing the “<>” button at the power factor regular

(1) Close the fuse holders feeding the first stage capacitor & provide the minimum current for the P.F. controller.

(2) Press the “<>” button, the first stage capacitor step will switch in instantaneously and the corresponding step indicator in the PFR will come on

(3) Measure the capacitor terminal voltage and current and record the result on the test form

(4) Press the “<>” button, the first stage capacitor step will switch out instantaneously and the corresponding step indicator in the PFR will go out

(5) Open the first stage fuse holder feeding the switched capacitor step, 60 seconds then measure the discharged capacitor terminal voltage and enter the data into the test form

(6) Press “+” or “-“ button to repeat the above procedure for the remaining stage until all stages are tested ( Remark : only one set can be tested at a time.)

Auto mode simulation test of the capacitor step switch In / Out for Power Factor Regulator only

(7) Inject current to Power Factor Regulator to simulate the power factor value, for example, input a current to make the P.F. as 0.89 (any value smaller than 0.90 ) inductive load and the set target P.F. to 0.90 inductive load, the regulator will auto switch in the step of capacitor bank from step 1 to step 6 to make the target P.F. and then change the current flow direction to simulate the over compensation of P.F. and the P.F. will be changed to 0.89 capacitive load from inductive load, and the capacitor bank will be switch out from step 1 to step 6. 

(8) The simulation test of auto mode is completed and record result on the test form

4. Ventilation Fan Function Test (散熱風扇功能測試)

   Purpose of Test: To check the function of the ventilation fan.

   Procedure:

(1) Turn the ventilation fan mode selector into Manual position, the ventilation fan will be turn on permanently.

(2) Turn the Ventilation Fan mode selector into OFF position, the ventilation fan will be turn off permanently.

(3) Turn the ventilation fan mode selector into Auto mode, the ventilation fan will be controlled by the thermostat controller.

(4) Record the result on the test form.

【高壓制櫃設計】 - 高壓掣櫃之設備（三）- HV Protection Device 高壓保護裝置

Pilot Wire Differential Protection 差動保護

差動保護是高壓線路、發電機、變壓器的主要保護。是在被保護對象的兩端安裝電流互感器（C.T.），利用電流互感器里采集的電流進行比較，計算差值。如果差值超出定值，再滿足電壓的閉鎖條件，一般是電壓降低，因為發生相間短路或者接地的時候，電流會升高，所以電壓就會降低。當電壓降低到一定程度，電流高於定值的時候，保護動作啟動開關跳脫。

差動環流保護原理可應用於饋線保護。在每條受保護線路中連接兩個 CT，每端一個。在無故障條件下，兩端 CT 的次級電流相等，並且該電流在引導線中循環。在無故障情況下，兩個 CT 的差動電流 I1-I2 為零，繼電器不動作。一旦饋線產生故障，這種平衡被打破，差動電流流過繼電器操線圈。電流流過控制線和繼電器。線路兩端的斷路器跳閘，隔離故障線路。

差動保護單線示意圖

差動保護三相接線示意圖

測量兩段電流互感器的精確匹配是非常重要的。如果Pilot Wire出現斷路，系統將無法提供保護。如果保護的線路較長，由於需要較長的Pilot Wire，整個系統成本較高，而且，在Pilot Wire較長的情況下，由於Pilot Wire的電容效應的充電電流甚至在正常情況下也足以導致保護動作啟動開關跳脫。

某差動保護元件及型號：Link

饋線差動保護產品說明

【職業發展】機電工程/營造管理人員的主要職責（Major Duties of E&M Project/Construction Management Personnel）

工程/營造管理人員可以認為是一個工程項目的核心組成部分，負責協調、監督、檢討整個項目的過程和成果。工程/營造管理人員包括建築師、工程師、測量師、工程督察、監工、以及項目文件管理人員等等。他們需要按照議定的方法、程序、預算及章程，管理建築工程各項工序，統籌和協調工程項目中的各個參與單位，包括顧問團隊、承建商、相關政府部門等等。

在機電工程中，由於項目對於管理人員要求的專業知識比較多而且龐雜，工程/營造管理人員一般都要求具備相關專業的資質。在具備專業知識的前提下，也要有一定的管理能力，包括對設計範圍、深度的把控能力，對預算和成本的把控能力，對項目進度的把控能力，對風險的預估和判斷能力，對突發事件的應急處理能力，對施工安全的管理能力等等。

工程/營造管理人員的相關職能

• Development of organizational business model and strategy

        擬定組織經營模式及策略

• Supervise staff performance

        督導人員工作績效

• Engineering coordination and problem solving

        工程協調與問題處理

• Construction supervision and management

        工程施工監督管理

• Project budgeting and control

        工程預算編製與控管

• Review of business or organization operations and performance

        檢視企業或組織之營運及績效

• Subcontracting management

        工程分包管理

• Bidding and tender report preparation

        招商投標與招標報告製作

• Tender audit

        標單審核作業

• Project quality management

        工程品質管理

• Site work audit and acceptance

        工地工程稽核與驗收

機電工程/營造管理人員的主要職責

• Monitor and supervise the contractor’s submissions (materials, BIM models, shop drawings, method statements, design calculations, records, etc).

       監控和監督承建商的提交材料（包括物料、BIM 模型、施工圖、施工方案、設計計算、記錄等）。

• Monitor and supervise the contractor to submit all necessary documents for government departments as per milestones.

       監控和監督承建商按照項目交付節點向政府部門提交所有必要的文件。

• Review the contract design in detail, including sizing of the equipment, rating of the equipment, location of the equipment, etc. and coordinate with consultants, contractors, and relevant parties to optimize the design of the system to achieve budgetary control.

       詳細審查合同設計，包括設備尺寸、設備額定值、設備位置等，並與顧問、承建商和相關方協調，優化系統設計以控制預算。

• Identify the potential problems in advance to avoid additional cost and time implications in future.

       預判潛在問題，以避免將來產生額外的施工成本和時間影響。

• Attend regular safety site walk inspections and reported and recorded the safety issues and monitor the contractor to rectify them in time.

       定期進行施工安全巡查，報告及記錄安全問題，監督承建商及時進行整改。

• Monitor and supervise the contractors to follow approved procedures to comply with green statutory requirements.

       監控和監督承建商遵循批准的程序以符合綠建環評及法律的要求。

• Monitor and supervise the contractors to adhere to the Environmental Permit requirement.

       監控和監督承建商遵守環境許可的要求。

• Provide support in BEAM plus bespoke requirement implementation process and manage contractors to maintain all necessary records.

       在BEAM plus的評定中提供支持，定制實施流程，管理承建商存檔所有必要的記錄。

• Monitor and supervise contractors to strictly follow the work procedures to achieve no damage to services/utilities and no impact on normal operations.

       監控和監督承建商嚴格按照施工程序進行，確保不損壞公用服務/設施和不影響正常運作。

• Manage contractor to clearly survey the dimension of the existing equipment by other contracts in the existing plant rooms to ensure sufficient installation space for future electrical and mechanical installation.

       管理承建商在現有機房內準確測量現有設備的尺寸，以確保為將來機電安裝提供足夠的安裝空間。

• Identify potential problems in the stage of drawing submission and BIM model review, considering future maintenance and operation.

       在圖紙和BIM模型審查階段預判潛在問題，並考慮將來的維護和運營的問題。

• Assess and review the cost impact of the contract's amendment in coordination with the QS team for issuing changes.

       與測量師團隊協調後發布項目修改變更，評估和審查合同修改變更中的成本影響。

• Reply to submissions within target days and supervise consultants’ response to contractor submissions.

       監督顧問團隊對承建商提交材料/圖紙的意見回覆，並在預定目標期限內回复承建商的提交材料/圖紙。

• Coordinate with other teams (System/Arch/Civil/Safety, etc.) to respond to the submission involved in multi-disciplines, such as CSD/CBWD/conceal conduit/method statement, etc.

       配合其他專業（System/Arch/Civil/Safety等）回覆涉及多專業的提交材料/圖紙，如CSD/CBWD/conceal conduit/method statement等。

• Provide sound and clear CRF justification.

       提供健全和清晰的 CRF 理由。

• Develop a tracking table for the contract’s outstanding electrical and mechanical issues and managed the consultant to update the work progress in the regular workshops.

       為暫未解決的機電問題制定跟踪表，並管理顧問團隊定期在會議上更新處理進度。